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在中国陶瓷发展史上,明代是一个十分重要的时期,明代瓷器的制造工艺在宋、元的基础上得到全面发展,整体技术得到大步提升,以江西景德镇陶瓷最为突出,当时景德镇的瓷器产品几乎涵盖全国主要市场,享誉国内外。明代瓷器纹饰很多以青花为主,其他产品如釉下彩、釉上彩、斗彩、单色釉等也十分出色。 In the history of Chinese ceramics development, the Ming Dynasty was a very important period. The manufacturing process of porcelain in the Ming Dynasty was comprehensively developed on the basis of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the overall technology was greatly improved, with Jiangxi Jingdezhen ceramics as the most prominent. At that time, Jingdezhen porcelain products almost covered the main markets in China and became famous at home and abroad.The Ming Dynasty porcelain decoration is mainly blue and white, other products such as glaze color, glaze color, bucket color, monochrome glaze are also very excellent. 【名称】哥窑青花瓷 【规格】1件 【类别】瓷器 [name] Brother kiln blue and white porcelain [specification] 1 piece [category] porcelain "哥窑"名列宋代五大名窑,在陶瓷史上有举足轻重的地位。哥窑胎多紫黑色、铁黑色、也有黄褐色。釉为失透的乳浊釉,釉面泛一层酥光,釉色以炒米黄、灰青多见,釉面大小纹片结合。 经染色后大纹片呈深褐色,小纹片为黄褐色,也称'金丝铁线'"墨纹梅花片""叶脉纹"'文武片'等。这是传世哥窑的主要特征之一。器形有各式瓶、炉、尊、洗及碗、盆、碟等。多见仿古造型,底足制作不十分规整,釉面常见缩釉和棕眼。 而《中国陶瓷史》这样叙述: 造型有各式瓶、炉、洗、盘、罐等。论胎有厚薄之分,其胎质有瓷胎和砂胎两种,胎色有黑灰、深灰、浅灰、土黄多种色调,釉色也有粉青、月白、油灰、青黄各色。从时间上讲,这里应有早晚之别,从产地说也有恐非一个瓷窑的作品,情况是比较复杂的。 记载"哥窑"的古文献主要有:元代的《至正直记》,明代的《格古要论》、《遵生八笺》,清代的《博物要览》以及明代的《浙江通志》等。但究竟哥窑窑址何在?性质如何?一直是陶瓷史研究中众说纷纭、悬而未决的问题。 流传于世的"哥窑"经典器大多源自清宫旧藏,由于这批器物与古文献中的记载的"哥窑"特征不符,而且没有考古资料佐证,因而造成了中国陶瓷史上最大的悬疑。 为区别于明、清文献中所记载得哥窑(龙泉章生一窑),宫中名为"哥窑"的传世品,后世鉴赏家称其为"传世哥窑"。 The "gokiln" is the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, and has a very important position in the history of ceramics. After dyeing, the large grain is dark brown, the small pattern is tan, also known as' gold wire ', the "leaf vein"' Wenwu ', and so on. This is one of the main features of the Shikao kiln. It has various kinds of bottle, furnace, statue, washing and bowl, basin, dish and so on. The bottom of the foot is not very regular, and the glazed and brown eyes are common in the glaze.
and There are all kinds of bottles, stoves, washers, plates, cans and so on. There are two kinds of tire: porcelain tire and sand tire, the color of the tire is black gray, deep gray, light gray, soil yellow, glaze color also has pink green, moonlight, greasy, green yellow all kinds of colors, the color of tire is thick and thin, the quality of tire is porcelain tire and sand tire, the color of tire is black and gray, deep gray, light gray, soil yellow many kinds of hue. In terms of time, there should be a difference between morning and evening, and there are works that may not be a porcelain kiln from the place of origin, the situation is more complex.
The ancient documents of the "gokiln" are mainly: the Most of the "GE kiln" classics spread in the world originated from the old Tibet of the Qing Dynasty. Because these artifacts are inconsistent with the characteristics of the "GE kiln" recorded in the ancient literature, and there is no archaeological data to support it, it has caused the greatest suspense in the history of Chinese ceramics. In order to distinguish it from the Ming Dynasty, the GE kiln (Longquan Zhangsheng one kiln) recorded in the Qing Dynasty was called the "GE kiln" in the palace, and later connoisseurs called it the "handed down brother kiln".
哥窑釉质纯粹浓厚,不甚莹澈,釉内多有气泡,如珠隐现,故通称"聚沫攒珠"。釉色宝光内蕴,润泽如酥。纹片多种多样,以纹道而称之有鳝鱼纹、黑蓝纹、浅黄纹、鱼子纹;以纹形而称之有纲形纹、梅花纹、细碎纹、大小格纹、冰裂纹等,总名为百极碎。 GE kiln glaze is pure and thick, not very clear, there are many bubbles in the glaze, such as beads looming, so it is commonly known as "crowded beads." Glaze color treasure light connotation, moisturizing as crisp. There are a variety of stripes, known as eel lines, black and blue lines, light yellow lines, fish lines; in terms of grain patterns, plum blossom lines, fine broken lines, size grid lines, ice cracks and so on, the total name is hundred extreme broken. 宋代哥窑在后世备受人们青睐,元明清仿制者颇多,且各有风格,被称为仿哥窑或哥釉,但其制作工艺已不能与宋代哥窑相媲美。清乾隆帝尤喜赏宋代哥窑,尝欣然作诗赞云: "铁足圆腰冰裂纹,宣成踵此夫华纷。" 哥窑瓷造型端庄古朴,器身釉色滋润腴厚,传世者弥足珍贵,现主要藏于北京、上海、台湾等地博物馆。定窑以烧白瓷著称,碗、盘制品多采用覆烧工艺,口沿涩胎无釉,故在一些精细的制品上常用金、银、铜钤口。钧窑创造了以氧化铜、钴等金属矿物质为着色剂,烧制铜红、天蓝、月白等釉色。官瓷有别于汝官瓷,窑址先在开封,后迁杭州。官瓷艺术上追求质朴无华、淡雅自然;胎骨坚薄;釉色翠美清新;腴润如脂;纹片纵横,飘逸流畅;"紫口铁足"是其独特名贵处。 Song Dynasty GE kiln is favored by people in later generations. There are many imitators in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and each has its own style, which is called imitation brother kiln or brother glaze, but its production technology is no longer comparable to that of Song Dynasty brother kiln. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was happy to enjoy the Song Dynasty GE kiln and gladly wrote poems in praise of Yun: "the iron foot round waist ice crack, Xuancheng ensued this husband Huayu." GE kiln porcelain styling dignified and simple, the glaze color moisturizing thick, handed down precious, now mainly hidden in Beijing, Shanghai, Taiwan and other museums. Ding kiln is famous for firing white porcelain, bowls and plates are mostly covered and unglazed along the edge of the mouth, so gold, silver and copper seals are commonly used in some fine products. Jun kiln created copper oxide, cobalt and other metal minerals as colorants to burn copper red, sky blue, moon white and other glaze colors. Official porcelain is different from your official porcelain, kiln site in Kaifeng, and then moved to Hangzhou. In the art of official porcelain, the pursuit of simplicity and elegance is natural; the fetal bone is thin; the glaze is beautiful and fresh. ; moisturizing as fat; stripes vertical and horizontal, elegant and smooth; Zikou iron foot is its unique and valuable place.
其一,哥窑釉属无光釉,犹如"酥油"般的光泽,色调丰富多彩,有米黄、粉青、奶白诸色。 其二、"金丝铁线"的纹样,哥窑釉面有网状开片,或重叠犹如冰裂纹,或成细密小开片("俗成百圾碎"或"龟子纹"),以"金丝铁线"为典型,即较粗琉的黑色裂纹交织着细密的红、黄色裂纹。明代《格古要论》中有这样的描述:"哥窑纹取冰裂、鳝血为上,梅花片墨纹次之。细碎纹,纹之下也。" 其三、"攒珠聚球"般的釉中气泡,哥窑器通常釉层很厚,最厚处甚至与胎的厚度相等,釉内含有气泡,如珠隐现,犹如"聚沫攒珠"般的美韵,这是辨别真假哥窑器的一个传统的方法。陶瓷界先辈孙瀛洲在其《元明清瓷器的鉴定》一文中说,官、哥釉气泡密集似"攒珠",是指哥窑釉内气泡细密像颗颗小水珠一样,满布在器表上。这类特征不易模仿。 其四、"紫口铁足"的风致,哥窑器坯体大都是紫黑色或棕黄色,器皿口部口边缘釉薄处由于隐纹露出胎色而呈黄褐色,同时在底足未挂釉处呈现铁黑色,由此,可以 概括出故有"紫口铁足"之说,这也是区别真假哥窑器的传统方法之一。 瓷器特征 开裂 哥釉瓷的重要特征是釉面开片,这是发生在釉面上的一种自然开裂现象。开裂原本是瓷器烧制中的缺陷,后来人们掌握了开裂的规律,有意识地让它产生开片,从而产生了一种独特的美感。宋代哥釉瓷釉质莹润,通体釉面被粗深或者细浅的两种纹线交织切割,术语叫作"冰裂纹",俗称"金丝铁线"。哥窑瓷土脉微紫,质薄,有油灰色、米色、粉青色三种瓷釉彩,表面满裂纹。 因为土质含铁量较高,烧胚时发生还原,瓷器胚呈紫黑铁色,瓷器没有涂釉的底部显现瓷胚本来的铁色,叫"铁足",而釉彩较薄的口部呈紫色,叫"紫口",俗称"紫口铁足"。一般来说,大器小开片者和小器大开片者颇为珍贵。由于哥釉瓷细致、精美,以后各代对它都有仿造。特别是到了清代,还出现了一个仿哥釉瓷的高潮。到了清朝后期,哥釉明显地不如清前期,颜色越来越深,开片越来越细碎,釉面甚至出现凹凸不平的疙瘩釉,胎质也变得疏松。 区分 哥窑瓷器从色泽区分,有月白、灰黄、粉青、灰青、油灰、深浅米黄等种类。哥窑瓷最显著的特征,是釉色沉厚细腻,光泽莹润,如同凝脂;若置之于显微镜下,可见瓷釉中蕴含的气泡如同聚沫串珠,凝腻的釉面间迸裂有大小不一,或密匝或疏落的冰裂状网纹,其网纹之色浅黄者宛若金丝,细黑者如铁线,二者互相交织,因而被名之为"金丝"、"铁线"。宋代哥窑胎质坚细,瓷器口沿尖窄,厚釉在瓷器口沿不能存留,垂釉多在口沿边稍下处形成略微凸出之环形带,因口沿处胎骨略黯而被称之为"紫口",此为宋哥窑瓷之一绝,尽管以后历代有许多仿宋哥窑,但在烧制上皆未能臻此绝艺。1992年,香港佳士得拍卖一件宋代哥窑"八方贯耳瓶",虽然当时收藏界仍有人持不同看法,但其拍出价仍高达1000万元以上。 哥窑釉质纯粹浓厚,不甚莹澈,釉内多有气泡,如珠隐现,故通称"聚沫攒珠"。 First, the Gothic glaze belongs to the dull glaze, like the "shortening"-like luster, the color is rich and colorful, the rice yellow, the powder green, the milk white color. Second, the pattern of the "gold wire", the mesh-like opening of the Gobi glaze, or the overlap is like an ice crack, or a fine small-cut piece (as the "broken" or the "turtle"), and the "gold wire" is typical, that is, the black crack of the thicker iron wire is woven with fine red and yellow cracks. In the Ming Dynasty, there is such a description in the case of
"Guanguan": the "In the gokiln, the ice crack is taken, and the blood is the upper part, and the plum blossom is the second place. It's fine. It's under the lines." Third, in the "ball-gathering"-like glaze, the glaze layer is thick, the thickest is even the same as the thickness of the tire, the glaze contains air bubbles, such as the beads are hidden, it is like a bubble-like beauty, which is a traditional method for distinguishing between the true and the fake. The ceramic world's first generation, Sun Jizhou, said in a note in the porcelain in the Yuan and Qing Dynasty. "The dense-like "to save a pearl" of the gas bubble in the glaze of the imperial kiln means that the bubble in the inside of the kiln is fine, like a small water bead, and is full of cloth on the meter." This type of feature is not easy to imitate. Fourth, "Zikou iron foot" caused by the wind, most of the kiln green body is purple-black or brown, the edge of the mouth of the utensils is yellow-brown because of the hidden lines exposed to the tire color, at the same time, there is iron black in the unhung glaze of the bottom foot, which is also one of the traditional methods to distinguish the true and false brother kiln utensils. Porcelain characteristics dehiscence The important feature of the glaze porcelain is the open-sheet of the glaze, which is a kind of natural cracking phenomenon on the glaze surface. The cracking was originally a defect in the firing of the porcelain, and later people have mastered the law of cracking, consciously making it open, thus creating a unique aesthetic feeling. In the Song Dynasty, the enamel of the glazed porcelain of the Song Dynasty is clear, and the glaze of the body of the body is cut by two kinds of grain lines which are thick or shallow, and the term is called the "ice crack", commonly known as the "gold wire". There are three kinds of porcelain-glaze colors, such as oil-gray, rice-color and powder-cyan, and the surface is full of cracks. Because the soil contains high iron content, the porcelain embryo is reduced when burning the embryo, the porcelain embryo is purple and black iron, the porcelain does not have the glazed bottom to show the original iron color of the porcelain embryo, called "iron foot", and the thin mouth of glaze color is purple, called "purple mouth", commonly known as "purple mouth iron foot". Generally speaking, the big chip opener and the small device big chip opener are very precious. Because the glazed porcelain is meticulous and exquisite, it will be copied from generation to generation. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, there was also the most wonderful part of imitating brother glazed porcelain. In the late Qing Dynasty, the GE glaze was obviously not as good as the early Qing Dynasty, the color was darker and darker, the opening piece was more and more fine, the glaze even appeared rugged keloid glaze, and the foetal quality also became Loose. discriminate GE kiln porcelain is distinguished from color, including moon white, gray yellow, pink green, gray green, oil ash, deep and light rice yellow and so on. The most prominent feature of GE kiln porcelain is that the glaze color is thick and delicate, the luster is bright and moist, like condensed grease; if placed under the microscope, it can be seen that the bubbles contained in the porcelain glaze are like foam beads, there are different sizes between the greasy glaze, or dense turns or sparse ice crack mesh, the color of the mesh is light yellow like gold wire, and the two are intertwined with each other, so they are called "gold wire" and "iron wire". In Song Dynasty, the foetal quality of GE kiln was strong and thin, the edge of porcelain mouth was narrow, the thick glaze could not be retained at the edge of porcelain, and the vertical glaze was formed slightly below the edge of the mouth. The slightly protruding ring belt is called "Zikou" because of the slightly dark bone along the mouth, which is one of the porcelain in Song Dynasty. Although there have been many imitating Song kilns in the later dynasties, they have not been able to achieve this absolute skill in firing. In 1992, Christie's, Hong Kong, auctioned a Song Dynasty GE kiln "eight-square ear bottle". Although some people in the collection community still held different views at that time, its bid was still as high as more than 10 million yuan. GE kiln glaze is pure and thick, not very clear, there are many bubbles in the glaze, such as beads looming, so it is commonly known as "crowded beads." 据上海靓尊市场部总监指出,明代落“官”款的青花哥釉龙纹瓶大有升值前景。近几年来,类似藏品的拍卖价格不断拍高,成交记录有目共睹。2005年明宣德青花云龙纹葵口洗以4094万元成交;2006年明釉里红玉壶春瓶突破6440万元成交;2014年,在一次迎春青花瓷专场上,一件明代精品民窑青花将军罐从280万元起拍,最终以868.5万元成交,另一件宣德民窑青花缠枝纹大盘更以1567.5万成交,可见在未来几年,此类收藏品的升值空间将会很大,对于收藏家来说,将目光投向此类收藏品必是明智之举。 According to Shanghai beautiful zun marketing department director points out, Ming Dynasty falls "official" the blue and white elder brother glaze dragon grain bottle has appreciation prospect greatly.In recent years, the auction price of similar collections has been constantly auctioned high, and the transaction records are obvious to all.In 2005, Ming Xuande blue and white sunflower wash was sold at 40.940 yuan; in 2006 exceeded 64.4 million yuan. In 2014, a Ming Dynasty kiln blue and white pot started at 2.885 million yuan, and another blue and white branch was sold at 15.675,000 yuan, which can be seen that in the next few years, the appreciation space will be great. For collectors, it must be wise to focus on such collectors. 
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